The Cognitive Development Of Children - 1269 Words

There are many different things that shape the cognitive development of children. To begin with cognitive development is when a child develops how to process, solve problems, and start making decisions. Once they have learned this they take everything they have learned into their adolescence. An example, of what can shape the cognitive development of a child can be an educational game. Educational games can be very useful in shaping a child’s development because they are having fun while learning at the same time and what kid doesn’t like to play games, the fact that it is even educational makes it even better for them. Not only are they having fun but there are many different games that help in different categories of development in†¦show more content†¦They would either ask an adult which was me or their teacher for help in solving it, ask their classmates, or try to figure it out on their own. In Phuoc Tran and Kaveri Subrahmanyam (2013) journal article it explains and gives us evidence on how digital tools are and have become an important tool when it comes to children’s learning and development. They mention Vygotsky’s theory, on how cognitive development happens with the use of computers because it is a tool that is part of our culture. These tools are important because it helps the children develop many different skills (Tran and Subrahmanyam, 2013). They mention different pathways that help toward cognitive development. The first pathway is the amount of time that they spend using the computers. Children shouldn’t spend a long time using the computers they should limit their use of computers for a certain amount of time per day. They mention how kids that come from a low-income family and struggle with reading get many beneficial in learning from using the computers. It enhances their school readiness. The second pathway is the way kids interpret the language of the computer. For example, how to navigate a computer. Tran and Subrahmanyam mention, â€Å"Research has suggested that playing an electronic game can have positive effects on cognitiveShow MoreRelatedThe Cognitive Development Of Children1679 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this research paper the topic that will be discussed is the Cognitive Development in children in the age group around 2-6. The topics that will be covered in this research paper are the physical growths and dangers, Jean Paiget and his views on cognitive development, friendships in the age groups 2-6, and cognitive changes. â€Å"Cognitive Psychology is the theory of human development that focuses on the development of thinking and thoughts that shape people s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviorsRead MoreCognitive Development Of Children With Autism1260 Words   |  6 PagesCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM Cognitive development in children with autism spectrum disorder is vastly complex in its entirety. During development, the most critical period is within the first 6 years of life; at the age of 7, our brain is nearly developed to the average adult size. During this time, myelination, synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning are occurring and contribute significantly to the development of the brain. If disruption occurs in brain development, it is possibleRead MoreCognitive Development of Children Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Development of Children Cognitive development is very crucial in the development of a child. A friend of mine, Julie just recently had a perfect baby boy. Since Julie found out she was pregnant she has been reading book after book, each book that she has read talks about cognitive development, but never really explains what cognitive development is or how to improve ones development. Julie has asked me to help her to understand what she can do to give Hunter the best optimal cognitiveRead MorePhysical And Cognitive Development Of Children Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesPhysical and Cognitive Development in the Children In the book Child Development An Active Learning Approach, it states that the sequence of motor milestones happen in the same way for most babies around the world. This fact indicates that motor development is strongly controlled by our genes, which dictates the expected sequence of the development (page 193). In researching the physical development of children I learned that there are two forms of motors skills. Fine motors skills which use smallRead MoreTheory of Cognitive Development and Children1466 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget s Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget was born on August9, 1896, in the French speaking part of Switzerland. At an early age he developed an interest in biology, and by the time he had graduated from high school he had already published a number of papers. After marrying in 1923, he had three children, whom he studied from infancy. Piaget is best known for organizing cognitive development into a series of stages- the levels of development corresponding too infancy, childhoodRead MoreBilingualism And Cognitive Development On Children1466 Words   |  6 PagesBilingualism and Cognitive Development Language is important in every children`s everyday life. Children need language to communicate with others and to be able to perceive the world. They need language to read, write, talk with others, listen and understand. Language enables human beings to communicate with others and be part of society. Language is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols. Language involves five systems of rules. The five rules of language are Phonology, syntaxRead MoreCognitive And Perceptual Development Of Children1517 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental Motor Skills in Children Children acquire most of their motor skills from school, which is where they spend most of their time growing up. School settings can enhance motor development in children through play using toys available to them, however, some school environments can also inhibit motor performance. Children have the opportunity to improve and learn new skills from manipulating different objects as well as can practice intertrial variability from playing with others. In orderRead MoreTheory of Cognitive Development and Children1854 Words   |  8 PagesDiscuss the concept of ‘constructivism’ (from Piaget’s theory of cognitive development). Use a mix of theory and research to back up your ideas about whether or not the child constructs his/her own development. The understanding of how children comprehend the world around them has been a highly researched part of cognitive development in Psychology. Jean Piaget was one of the first researchers to develop a theory suggesting that children understand the world around them by actively seeking informationRead More Cognitive and Moral Development of Children Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive and moral developments are determined by a child’s experience and environment. As the child matures into adulthood they begin to view the world differently. The capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling is defined as perspective taking (Berk, 2007). This view aids in adolescents moral understanding and development. Identifying a child’s developmental stage assists in determining the proper support that is needed in order to provide a safe and nourishing environmentRead MoreEssay about Cognitive Development of Children1241 Words   |  5 PagesPiagets phase conc ept explains the cognitive development of children. Cognitive development implies transformation in the cognitive procedure and skills. In Piaget’s vision, initial cognitive development involves processes based upon measures and afterward proceeds into changes in the cerebral operations. Schemas; a schema clarifies both the cerebral and physical actions occupied in comprehending plus knowing. Schemas are sorts of information that help us to explain and understand the world. In

Deception in Shakespeares Othello Essay - 1503 Words

Deception in Shakespeares Othello Deception, which by its definition is a bad thing and has only one level or degree, is truly not this way at all. Deception appears many times in Othello, but in almost every incident the degree of deception is different. There are only a few characters that use deception, and those characters all use different degrees of deception to get what they want in the play. Deception is almost always used through verbal language or body language because it is the easiest way to deceive a person. The reasons, or intentions, a person has for deception determines the goodness (or badness) and (or) severity of the deception. If a person deceives others with good intentions, then, in a way, the deception is†¦show more content†¦The definition of deception in â€Å"THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY† is, DECEPTION- 1. The action of deceiving or cheating b. The fact or condition of being deceived 2. That which deceives; a piece of trickery; a cheat, sham This definition states that deception is a trick, a cheat, or a sham, and this implies that all deception is of the same degree. However, it is clear from the previous two scenes that in different situations deception can have different degrees, and that one thing can be more deceitful than another. Deception, which is described as trickery, a cheat, or a sham, is considered a very bad thing. However, it is possible for deception to have good intentions, and this would make deception partially good. There are many occasions where a person may deceive another and feel he or she has done a good deed. When Othello asks Desdemona for the handkerchief, because he has suspicions that she is cheating on him, Desdemona lies and says she has it. Othello â€Å"Lend me your handkerchief.† Desdemona â€Å"I have it not about me.† Othello â€Å"Is’t lost? Is’t gone? Speak: is’t out o’th way?† Desdemona â€Å"It is not lost† (111.4.52-83) Desdemona lies to Othello, and tries to deceive him. This, according to the definition of deception is bad. However, it is not bad. Because Desdemona knew that if she told Othello the truth he would become very angry, she lied to him and said she had the handkerchief. Desdemona’s intentions for lying were good,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Deception in Shakespeares Othello670 Words   |  3 PagesDeception in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One may readily perceive the theme of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello† as deception. Deception appears many times in Othello, but in almost every incident the degree of deception is different. Deception is to â€Å"deceive another, illusion, or fraud† (Webster’s New World Pocket Dictionary 69), which is seen as a wrongful act. However, deception may be used to protect someone from getting hurt therefore being used with good intentions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The very first act of deceptionRead MoreShakespeares Portrayal of Themes of Deception and Jealousy in Othello642 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeares Portrayal of Themes of Deception and Jealousy in Othello The main characters in relation to jealousy in the play are Othello and Desdemona. Desdemona is the object of Othellos jealousy, which is planted in his mind by Iagos deception. This enhances Othellos position in the minds of the audience as the tragic hero, and deeply links these two themes. The very status of being the tragic hero in the minds of the audience enhances our sense of his deceptionRead MoreThemes of Deception in William Shakespeares Othello Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesThemes of Deception in William Shakespeares Othello Deception is one of the main themes running through Othello, along with love, pride and society. Indeed, it is deception that provides the fuel for the plot and deception that is leads to the classic downfall of the hero as is common in Shakespeare tragedies. We see Macbeth and Hamlet both succumb to downfall. perhaps the most obvious deception is Iagos deception. The principal method that Iago uses to convinceRead MoreOthello - Deception and Vision Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesDeception and Vision in Shakespeare’s Othello Walter Scott once stated, â€Å"Oh, what a tangled web we weave... when first we practice to deceive† (Quotation). Scott’s statement is overwhelmingly evident in William Shakespeares Othello. Deception is a reoccurring theme in Othello, that touches each character individually and on various levels. The theme that affects Othello directly is vision. Vision is the â€Å"ocular proof† that Othello demands from Iago, and how his actions are based on what he hearsRead MoreTheme Of Black And White In Othello1072 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello is a tale of power, love, and deception. However, racial prejudice is also a critical component in the play’s larger assertations, and the abundance of black and white imagery throughout it suggests that white is synonymous with good and that black is synonymous with evil. As such, this imagery is vital to the play’s overriding paradox, which is that Othello â€Å"is far more fair than black† (Shakespeare 1.3.285). To clarify, Shakespeare portrays Othello as inherentlyRead MoreExamples Of Othello As A Revenge Tragedy1022 Words   |  5 Pagesa noble but respectable hero and a moment of peripeteia. The intertwining of jealousy, deception, murder, suicide and scheming in William Shakespeare’s Othello creates a strong base for a classic revenge tragedy. It is also not only Shakespeare’s adherence to these traditional conventions but rather his ability to manipulate and transform them effectively to captivate crowds of differing classes. Shakespeares apt characterisation, employment of conventions and structuring all collectively contributeRead MorePractice HSC essay1060 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Shakespeare’s play ‘Othello’ and the contemporary appropriation of a film ‘O’ by Tim Blake Nelson are based on the societal values and morals of their time. Issues such as racism, the use of language and decep tion are timeless making them evident throughout both contexts, hence the engagements in both textual forms. Differing contexts convey concerns in different ways through the use of diverse techniques. For example ‘Othello’ is a play which uses props, stage positioning and lighting comparedRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Othello The Moor Of Venice Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pagesof which it was written. Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice written 1603 was set in Italy, in the Venetian Republic . This setting was gaining popularity with Elizabethan writers, maybe as a form of escapism, to have a crypto - catholic approach, as this country was the largest and still is the largest Catholic country. Or a more general form of escapism from the society at that time. Writing for a predominantly working class audience, Shakespeare’s work is an escapism fromRead MoreOthello (How Is He Lead to His Demise)1037 Words   |  5 Pagesin a full length novel. Shakespeare’s writing is complex and includes great measures of love, hatred, loyalty, deception and b etrayal. These traits of his texts are all evident in Othello. In Act 1, Othello is perceived as a noble moor. With Shakespeare’s invention of the manipulating and cunning Iago, the multi-layered use of Othello’s mothers handkerchief, and Othello’s past military training being resurfaced due to Iago’s lies, all lead Othello to his demise. Deception and betrayal are two ofRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1678 Words   |  7 Pagesdrama. Shakespeare’s masterpieces and tragedies such as Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet caused a remarkable turning point in English literature as whole, and English drama in particular.His play Othellois one of his unforgettable tragedies. The play of Othello is the finest example of Shakespeare’s poetic and narrative style. Thus, Shakespeare is known as the most influential dramatist whose tragedies found the way to interact with the audience.Shakespeare’s Othello is about

Example of Interpersonal Communication Free Essays

Concept Application Paper Aside from food, water, oxygen and other practical needs, communication with the people around us has proven to be essential for our own well-being. The different types and styles of communication allow ourselves the opportunity to create and build relationships with the people around us. It is also the basis on how we define ourselves through self-image and self-esteem. We will write a custom essay sample on Example of Interpersonal Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through social, inflated, and deflated comparison we shape ourselves into the image in which we feel would satisfy the people around us; how we think others want to see us. In more cases it is a negative thing as the true soul inside a person is usually too ashamed or scared to reveal themselves to the public. We then force ourselves to shape into an image we feel will please the people around us. Evolved from our life experiences, we set an imaginary guideline in our mind for people to be considered ‘normal’ based on our perception of how society should behave. We automatically isolate anyone who deviates from these â€Å"guidelines†; they might include a person from a different culture or someone who simply wants to express themself. It was our responsibility to investigate how society reacts to an adjustment in the social norm. In this experiment I wore a tank top, board-shorts, and flip-flops in which I enacted in unordinary verbal and non-verbal communication with the people around me. As a male in the American culture, I dress myself according to what I suppose is ‘trendy’ in my sub-culture. By observing a person’s patterns in the way they dress and how they act, it is possible to discover a person’s personality. An identity is created through our manners, appearance, and the environment we associate ourselves around. We pick and choose how we want others to see us in different situations, so of course no one would ever think of dressing out of their usual pattern for no apparent reason. However, the purpose of the experiment is not to continue to carry on with daily procedures, but to deviate and record reactions and changes in behavior of bystanders. I devised a theory that I would be able to observe two sets of reactions, one from the people whom I share relationships with and random students whom I have never met before. People who have knowledge about my existence would be able to detect a change in behavior while a stranger would just consider their encounter simply as something out of the ordinary. I chose to wear clothing not typically suited for the weather; Corvallis was reaching mid 40os and I had decided to be dressed in clothes one would wear to the beach. I felt this was an appropriate change in behavior because it would not be following the usual guidelines of the social norm. Everyone had one or two jackets and long pants, setting the basic social code to follow. However, since I was not abiding to this ‘system’, I was considered an outcast or placed in an out-group of the current social culture. Even if I were not doing an experiment and intentionally dressing this specific way, I would be relaying non-verbal codes to whoever saw me which in their opinion would be interpreted much different than what I may have meant them to be. It would all be a matter of opinion or relational communication between me and the people in the environment. The channels of communication would be through non-verbal/ non-vocal communication. Other channels would be invalid because I would not be communicating through other means including spoken or written words. However, fewer available channels did not result in any less interaction. In the experiment, it was interesting as the deviation from the social norm sparked two reactions in people whom either allowed this contact to prohibit them from verbally communicating with me or on the contrary, the change actually was a catalyst and started verbal communication as the main topic of discussion. This occurred in both groups of people whom I was acquaintances with and people I did not know. A friend who had happened to see me first as I left my room was slightly shocked and warned me about the weather. Although their tone wasn’t hostile, more trying to help, the message that I interpreted was â€Å"If you’re not going to change clothes you’re going to look really weird wearing that type of clothing and secondly, you’ll be cold for the rest of the time until you decide to change your mind. My reaction to this conversation was close to emotionless because I would have reacted the same and produced similar responses because we interpret any change in behavior as ‘not normal’. Walking to a dining hall outside in public, my first observation was receiving numerous stares from the people passing me. Through my analysis this was a form of intrapersonal communication because I decoded their body language with a certain meaning and message. By simple gestures of staring and changes in body language, it encoded a message of ‘out casting’ to the receiver solely based on the type of clothing I wore. I am thankful that I was not dramatically influenced by any of the responses and reactions I observed between my friends and the public. My analysis is these responses were forms of communication which easily could have been affected by culture and perception. People’s different interpretations would eventually lead to the shaping and defining of one’s identity through their behavior and appearance based on how they want others to see themselves. Although it apparent that media has a large influence on choosing how we present our public self, it may seem that the people around us also have a large influence as well. They might include significant others or just ordinary people whom we compare ourselves to in social comparison. This experiment was a great understanding of how some people automatically separate someone just by expressing themselves. Society defines certain things such as fashion or behavior attached with the message, â€Å"follow the same guidelines or beware of being put in an out-group. Majority of people will be high-self monitors and follow the norm. Personally, I feel I am this way because of the need to feel belonging to a particular group or something. I learned that it is much harder to express one-self based on our own intuition of being ‘judged’ for what we do. By investigating how society reacted to an adjustment in the social norm, it was evident when I wore different clothing; the res ults when engaged were rather un-warming incidents of unordinary verbal and non-verbal communication. How to cite Example of Interpersonal Communication, Essay examples

Integrity of Management Global Company

Question: Discuss about the Report for Integrity of Management of Global Company. Answer: 1. The following g led to increased inherent risk assessment at the financial report level; Lack of integrity by management. The managers of One Tel lacked integrity to manage the company. The company was set to be a global company with a customer focus that mangers did not achieve. This led to the company inability to expand its operations in a competitive environment (Butt, 2011). The managers were unable to strategize how to improve the companys reputation to maintain constant growth. This inherent risk factor can also be identified in the process of strategic business risk assessment of the One Tel Company. This is because the strategic business risk assessment would assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the management to make rational decisions for the company performance and keeping financial records. Nature of the business. The nature of the telecommunication business was sophisticated .The industry required a lot of innovation to remain relevant. The industry is also characterized with a lot changes in product package. Therefore causing changes that required fast adoptions in order for a company to remain relevant and perform financially. This inherent risk as a result of the nature of telecommunication business could have led to financial statements misstated. This risk of accounting for unordinary accounts balances can alter financial reports. Increased competitors. Since the deregulation of the telecommunication industry in Australia, new companies entered the market. Before then, there were only two carriers. After 1997, the number of companies offering carrier services increased to 35. These new small companies relied on lease network from Telstra, this lowered their operating cost and they were able to offer telecommunication services at a reduced price. This factor reduced the One Tel competitive edge of offering services at a reduced price. The telecommunication industry became competitive suddenly and required change of strategies that the management One Tel did not do. Inadequate Experience and Knowledge of the Management. The managers experience and knowledge in running the One Tel business was inadequate which led to increased inherent risk in the financial report. The managers ability to manage the changing markets to remain competitive failed. They lacked knowledge and past experience to understand the market and offer appropriate alternative that would have reduced the inherent risk in the company. This inherent factor could also be identified in the process of assessing strategic business risks in the company. Since the strategic business risk assessment outlines the qualification of the management to achieve the organizations predetermined goals. High Management pressure. The One Tel Company management is under pressure to perform by establishing the companys brand throughout the world. The management is also under pressure to offer quality services at reduced prices to develop the business. The management faces demotion from being executive members. There is pressure to reduce the number of Board of directors. This led to increased pressure to performance that increase inherent risk in the financial report level 2. The following inherent risk factors contributed to increased inherent risk assessment at the account balance level of One Tel business; Holding a lot of cash One Tel business recorded that it held a lot of cash in the business. The amount held by the business in cash for the year 2000 doubled that of year 1999. This factor increased inherent risk in the business by increasing chances of fraud and misappropriation of the account balances. Allowing a lot of credit sale The company allowed a lot of credit sells. The amount that the company was expecting as receivable were very high. This amount increased the inherent risk since not all debt is guaranteed to payment. The company required to manage this amount to keep track of the sells so that inventory is matched income to the business. This inherent risk factor increase the inherent risk assessment at the account balances as accountants will have to match sales with revenues that is not guaranteed of payments. Some customers default leading to bad debts experienced by the company. Complexity of the transactions The inherent risk associated with the complexity of the telecommunication would have contributed to increased inherent risk in account balance. The corporation which is a global company offering several telecommunication product has complex transactions that could have led to risk of omission or misstatement of an account (Butera, 2016). Also, inherent risk as a result of complex transactions can lead to recording of balances in the wrong account which could have led to inherent risk in the account of balances. Required Adjustments The process of accounting in the One Tel business requires periodic account adjustments. For instance, the assets required adjustments. These adjustments could be provisions, allowance for depreciations, accumulated depreciations etc. If the valuation of the accounts balances are not properly calculated they could alter amounts recorded after adjusting to the accounts. The inherent risk factor of adjusting accounts to reflect the current value could have increased the inherent risk in account balance levels. Judgment of account balances The inherent risk of accountants in One Tel Company required making judgment on the account balances could have led to increased inherent risk in the account balances due to different judgment abilities. Judgment of account balances by accountants could have led to understatement or overstatement of balance. Abnormal transactions entry Where there was existence of unordinary transaction in the business and had to be recorded in the companys account. For instance, recording for abnormal items could have led to omission or misstatements in the account balances in the company accounts (Marchetti, 2012). Therefore, the inherent risk of recording account balances that were not ordinary could have increased the inherent risk assessments in the account balances. Existence of Susceptible assets The One Tel held assets that were susceptible to loss. These assets are vulnerable and their balances could have been easily lost or misappropriated. The existence of susceptible assets that had inherent risk factor that could have increased the inherent risk assessment of the account balances. 3. Current Ratio= current Assets/total liabilities 628.1/375 =1.67 Debt ratio= total debts/total assets 490.7/ 1435.5= 0.3 I believe that the area of going concern of One Tel should be assessed as medium for the financial year ending 2000. The following are reasons for my opinion; The company can settle it short term obligations. The Company has a current ratio of 1.67. This ratio shows that the company can pay it short term debts with the liquid assets available in the firm. The company is in a position to settle obligations as they fall due. Therefore the company is able to maintain going concern in the short term since it cannot get insolvent. The company can settle it long term debt. By use of debt financial leverage ratio, the One Tel has the ability to use it total assets to settle long term debts. Therefore, the company doesnt face threats for liquidation as a failure to pay its debts (Collings, 2011). Increasing costs. The Company is experiencing increasing operating costs. The expenses of running the company increase in 2000 by more than 100% from that of 1999. This indicates that the company ability to operate is becoming costly which is not a good variable of going concern. Negative trend in cash inflow. The company experienced a negative cash inflow for the year 2000. The earning of the company is negative. The company also did not have profits for the year. This negative trend shows that the company situation is ending on the worst direction. Therefore, the negative trend indicates threat to the going concern of the One Tel. Business structures. The business has lost it market dominance. After the deregulation of the markets, the company has no guarantee customers as before. The company has a threatened going concern with loss of market share. Entry of competitors. The industry has new entrants offering the same products. In the recent years, the company has started facing competition from small companies that are leasing infrastructures from established companies, thereby able to offer services at reduced prices. One Tel has had a customer focus associated with quality service at a reduced price. This strategy has been taken by the new companies entering the market. For instance, when the company started, they were only two in the industry, but now there are 35 companies serving producing products for the same market. This factor indicates that the going concern of One Tel is threatened and will depend on the new strategies formulated by the managers From the factors discussed above, I believe that the going concern of One Tel should be assessed as medium because of the possibility of both alternatives happening. The Company has to formulate new strategy and embark on aggressive performance if it has to continue to be a going concern. On the other side, if the company doesnt change it operations to improve profits and increase market share, it will be pushed out of the market and cease to be a going concern. References Butera, A. (2016). Mastering the five tiers of audit competency. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Butt, M. (2011). Risk assessment. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 24(1), pp.131-131. Collings, S. (2011). Interpretation and Application of International Standards on Auditing. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Collings, S. (2014). Frequently Asked Questions in ISAs. Hoboken: Wiley. Gay, G. and Simnett, R. (2003). Auditing and assurance services in Australia. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Book Co. Iyer, G. and Reckers, P. (2007). CEO image, NAS and risk assessment. Managerial Auditing Journal, 22(9), pp.895-912. Marchetti, A. (2012). Enterprise risk management best practices. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Mock, T. (2009). Auditor's probabilistic reasoning in a multi-stage risk assessment task. Gold Coast, Qld.: Bond University, School of Business. Maire, L. (2016). How to Assess Going-Concerns - dummies. [online] Available at: https://www.dummies.com/business/accounting/auditing/how-to-assess-going-concerns/ [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Peters, J. (2004). A knowledge based model of inherent audit risk assessment. Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI. Philomena Leung, B. (2009). Managerial Auditing Journal. Emerald Group Pub. Pcaobus.org. (2016). AU 341 The Auditor's Consideration of an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. [online] Available at: https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/AU341.aspx [Accessed 21 Sep. 2016]. Tilis, L. (n.d.). Audit Quality and Risk Differences Among Auditors. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Tropic of Cancer Review Essay Example

Tropic of Cancer Review Paper Essay on Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer a unique book. It attracts and repels at the same time, causes wrinkling in disgust and reread some pages over and over again. The book is difficult. I know people who simply could not read it. . Abomination I only lasted for the first 20 pages, they said. In fact, if you can not ignore the written, read between the lines and, as they say, to mature to the root, it is better, perhaps, not to take up this book. But those who still want to try, I can give some advice, which I hope will facilitate the task. First, start reading, it should be remembered that the Tropic of Cancer a modernism, and the main rule here the absence of any rules. In this book, Miller, as did Joyce in Ulysses, allowed himself to all. As with most products of modernity, everything is concentrated on the inner world of man, the external facts and circumstances are not important. Do not try to establish a clear chronology of events there is none. Do not ask yourself questions like, Why did he say that?, Why did he do that?. Even the Henry Joe Miller in the novel would not respond to them. Tropic of Cancer a book-emotion. It does not need to understand and feel. Disconnect rational, let your mind responds to read spontaneously form We will write a custom essay sample on Tropic of Cancer Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tropic of Cancer Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tropic of Cancer Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Tropic of Cancer. autobiographical book. Most of the events described in it happened to the author really. Here we see all the same search creative artist, described in more than one hundred books. However, as shown in Tropic of Cancer truly deserves attention. Then, in the thirties of the XX century, rarely seen on the pages of a book in Paris. Miller reveals, so to speak, from the inside bohemia, Notre Dame through the eyes of rats living in it. Yet Paris has Paris, and even the skeptics and cynics Miller fails to overcome its majesty and charm. Those places in the book where the author gives in the magical power of the city, a truly fascinating and reveal another facet of Millers personality -. Poetic facet Turning the last page of the book, I was surprised to find that I can not think of a hero, any event. However, my mind settled something more a sense of beauty. Yes, after all the mud, which is poured out at me from the pages of the book, this feeling seems paradoxical. But perhaps this is the genius of the author.

Euphemisms for Death

Euphemisms for Death Euphemism is especially frequent, says linguist John Algeo, when we must come face to face with the less happy facts of our existence. Here we consider some of the verbal tranquilizers employed to avoid dealing head-on with death. Despite what you may have heard, people rarely die in hospitals. Unfortunately, some patients do expire there. And according to hospital records, others experience therapeutic misadventures or negative patient-care outcomes. However, such mishaps cant be nearly as disappointing as the patient who has failed to fulfill his wellness potential. Most of us, I imagine, would rather die than let down the side in this fashion. Well, perhaps not die exactly. We might be willing to pass on, like dinner guests who take a pass on dessert. Or depart, as we should after a night out. (Theyre no longer with us, our hosts will say.) Unless, of course, weve had a bit too much to drink, and then we might just end up lost or asleep. But perish the thought. In the article Communication About Death and Dying, Albert Lee Strickland and Lynne Ann DeSpelder describe how one hospital worker tiptoed around the forbidden word. One day, as a medical team was examining a patient, an intern came to the door with information about another patients death. Knowing that the word death was taboo and finding no ready substitute, the intern stood in the doorway and announced, Guess whos not going to shop at Wal-Mart anymore. Soon, this phrase became the standard way for staff members to convey the news that a patient had died.Dying, Death, and Bereavement, ed. by Inge Corless et al. Springer, 2003 Because strong taboos surround the subject of death in our culture, countless synonyms for dying have evolved over the years. Some of those synonyms, such as the gentler terms suggested above, are regarded as euphemisms. They serve as verbal tranquilizers to help us avoid dealing head on with harsh realities. Our reasons for using euphemisms are varied. We may be motivated by kindnessor at least politeness. For example, when speaking of the deceased at a funeral service, a minister is far more likely to say called home than bit the dust. And to most of us, resting in peace sounds more comforting than taking a dirt nap. (Note that the opposite of a euphemism is a dysphemism- a harsher or more offensive way of saying something.) But euphemisms arent always employed with such solicitude. A substantive negative outcome reported at a hospital may reflect a bureaucratic effort to disguise an interns blunder. Likewise, in wartime a government spokesperson may refer abstractly to collateral damage rather than announce more candidly that civilians have been killed. Euphemisms, Death and Mortality [E]uphemism cannot cancel the reality of death and mortality, says Dorothea von MÃ ¼cke in an essay on German writer Gotthold Lessing. Nonetheless, it can prevent the sudden confrontation, the accidental, unprotected encounter with death as the real, as decomposition and undifferentiation (Body and Text in the Eighteenth Century, 1994). Euphemisms serve as reminders that communication is (among other things) an ethical activity. Strickland and DeSpelder elaborate on this point: Listening carefully to how language is used provides information about the speakers attitudes, beliefs, and emotional state. Becoming aware of the metaphors, euphemisms, and other linguistic devices that people use when talking about dying and death allows for greater appreciation of the wide range of attitudes toward death and promotes flexibility in communication. Theres no doubt that euphemisms contribute to the richness of language. Used thoughtfully, they can help us avoid hurting peoples feelings. But when used cynically, euphemisms can create a haze of deceptions, a layer of lies. And this is likely to remain true long after weve bought the farm, cashed in our chips, given up the ghost, and, as now, reached the end of the line.

High Stakes Curriulum and Teasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

High Stakes Curriulum and Teasting - Essay Example ontributing to the high stakes curriculum and testing since it greatly supports standard-based education reforms by ensuring schools institute high standards and setting measurable to improve the quality of education in American schools. The RTTT contributes to high stakes curriculum and testing since it promotes innovation and reforms with local and state district K-12 education. The Common Core Standards contribution is pegged on the fact that it clearly denotes what students should learn and the basic skills they should acquire in each grade. According to Oakes and Lipton (2007), the main advantage of these initiatives is that they mainly seek to improve the quality of education and ensure American children gain quality and relevant education in order to sustain the future growth of the Nation. Secondly, Sowell (2010 stated that the initiatives aim at ensuring public schools offer quality education unlike the usually norm whereby it is perceived that only private schools offer quality education. Thirdly, Sowell (2010) wrote that the initiatives aim at creating a just society whereby every child is able to gain quality education that will make him or her competitive in the future. Sowell (2010) lamented that the main disadvantages of these initiatives is that they create confusion within the education sector because of varying requirements imposed on schools and the insistence of uniformity among schools, hinders some schools from customizing their education program in order to address their individual or state challenges that is impairing their education

Challenges and Opportunities for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Challenges and Opportunities for Managers - Essay Example Businesses that have a good crop of workers will outperform a company with subpar employees. The quality of the labor force influences on the performance of a company. Take for example two universities systems. One system is selective in its selection process of faculty member with a 90% doctorate rate among faculty members. This college pays its professor a median salary of $127,500. The second college does not emphasize college professors with doctorate studies. The average median salary at the second school was $65,000. Due to the difference in the composition of college professors between the two schools the university with greater credentials provides a higher quality of education. The higher salary offered by the first school made it easier for them to recruit professors with better credentials. Money or economic considerations are the top motivating factor for employees (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). Selecting employees that have poor skills or that are less qualified t han other candidates hurts the corporation. Managers are exposed to a higher workload because poor employees require a higher attention and supervision from the managers to ensure they perform at the highest possible level. Good employees on the other hand are typically self-motivated which saves managers time.

Discuss the significance of the election of the 2008 in light of the Research Paper

Discuss the significance of the election of the 2008 in light of the 2010 elections (i.e. whether the election of 2008 represent - Research Paper Example This essay critically compares the 2008 elections with the 2010 elections and the changes witnessed thereof. The 2008 versus the 2010 US Elections The political realignment witnessed during the 2008 elections finds its roots in the momentum gained after the 2006 elections. The 2006 election saw a great level of success for the democrats as compared to other recent years. Around this time also, the Bush administration was starkly facing the economic recession and financial crisis hence it was loosing its fame. The main theme during the 2008 campaigns became the desire for reforms and change from Washington and the policies of George W. Bush, the outgoing republican president. Just before the end of the campaigns, other main issues that emerged included the economy and other domestic policies (Kenski et al 225). Due to the realignment, the 2008 election recorded a huge number of notable changes as compared to other recent elections. For example, since 1928, the 2008 election was the fi rst in which neither an incumbent president nor their vice participated in the presidential run. Jessee (198) states that it was also the first time since 1952 in which neither an incumbent vice or president was nominated as a candidate for the general national elections by his party. ... This means that despite the still existent preference for white candidates, the voters concentrated much more on other candidate features such as their manifestos. During the same year, the black vote for the president and other seats was also one of the highest in history and it amounted to 11%. As compared to all other elections held within the last 40 years, the voter turn out during the 2008 elections was the highest. This trend continued in 2010 giving an increased turn-over for mid-term elections. The elected president, president Obama, also received the highest votes ever to be cast for a president in history. Abramson et al (218) explains that four years before the 2008 elections, 9 US states had changed their alliance. In 2004, each one of them had voted for the republican nominee hence their political realignment in 2008 contributed greatly to Obama’s victory because their votes shifted to his favor. In the 2008 elections, all 435 the seats in the House were up for e lection. Out of these 435 seats, the democrats managed to gain a total of 21 seats hence stepping up their majority from 54.3-59.1%. After the election, the democrats controlled 27 of the states whereas the republicans controlled only 14 of such seats. For the first time since the Great Depression, the Governor’s mansion was controlled by the democrats. In terms of demographies, both the parties got at least 40% from all sizeable socio-economic classes except for the republican candidate who got 37%. They also received equal attention from college students but more of post graduate students sided with the republicans (Kenski et al 264). Obama got a greater percentage of urban votes in all towns as compared to

Disney Movie Vs History Film Studies Essay

Disney Movie Vs History Film Studies Essay Are all Disney movies, which have the characters from History, have the same story as the actual History. If you ask this question to any historian, they will say, No. to find this out I decided to watch a Disney movie, which is based on history. The name of the movie is Pocahontas. I watched this movie and I realize that this movie has just the name of the characters right, but the story was very different from the actual history, which was interesting, and kept me interested until the end. I bet if the Disney had made this movie with the actual story; it would not be interesting as it was after making changes in the story. I decided to watch this movie, because it was Disneys first animated movie that was based on History among all the animated movies. It had a big success in movie theaters, even though; the story was different from the actual History. I am going to write what was happening in the movie and what actually happened in the history. Pocahontas was Native American. She was a daughter of Powhatan, who was the chief of the Algonquian Indians in 1607 (American Promise, 49). Her real name was Matoaka, which was the nickname of her childhood. As the Native American custom, when she was born, she was sent with her mother to live in her mothers village. When she grew up to be around 5-6 years she lived with her father, and her older brothers and sisters. Among the all children, Pocahontas was her fathers favorite child. She was famous for saving life of Captain John Smith (Pocahontas.org). Pocahontas was the first animated movie of the Disney, which was based on History. Although it had name of the characters from the history, but the story was not the same as it was in actual history. It came out in 1995. Disney movies are famous for fantasy and fairy tales. Disney movies have made many movies based on the history. Most of them movies have the real names from the history but their story is different from the actual his tory in many ways. In Disney movie it starts like this, in 1607, a group of settlers arrived in new world to start new life. Their captains name was John Smith. The journey was tough. They had to go through storm, and person whose name was Thomas and he was drowning and saved by Smith. They were all lucky enough to make to new world. For the meantime, there is a Native American tribe nearby which was led by Powhatan. There is a rumor that his daughter Pocahontas is going to get married with Kocoum, who is a warrior. However, Pocahontas was not interested in Kocoum. Pocahontas does not have many friends but there are some, which from animal world like Hummingbird and Raccoon. They all go to her grandmother and she was a tree that gave Pocahontas advice when she needed. She also tells them a story about the Englishmen. Smith was roaming in the countryside of that area, unlike other settlers, who were afraid to go out. Smith runs into Pocahontas. They both spend some time after that and fell in love. Howe ver, other natives were still fighting the settlers. Therefore, Powhatan orders natives to stay away from the settlers. Pocahontas disobeys her father, she continues to spend the time with smith, and she introduces him to her grandmother (Pocahontas, 1995). This was the story from the movie. In actual history, Captain John Smith arrived in their area. It was 1607 and there were more than hundred people. They build the fort in that area in order to survive from the attacks of the Native Americans. However, in the same year in December when Smith is out for hunting in order to get food to survive, Powhatans warrior captures him and takes him in their area. Powhatan and Smith had a long talk and after that when Powhatan was about to kill Smith, Pocahontas came there and saved Smith by laying herself on Smith while natives were beating smith (American promise, 49). When asked by Powhatan for a reason to save Smiths life, Pocahontas said she did not want any excuse to provoke settlers. Because she knew that settlers are capable of defending themselves, which can be dangerous for the natives in that area. Powhatan arranged for Smith to take him back to the settlement. Powhatan then realized that his daughter did not just saved Smiths life, but she saved lots of peoples life (f ilmprincesses.com). As we all know that Disney movies are incomplete without bad character. In this movie bad character is Kocoum; he started to spy on Smith and Pocahontas. Kocoum also tries to attack them but he failed because Thomas was around that area, when he saw that Kocoum is going to attack on them he kills him. When Powhatan came to know about them he declares war with the settlers. He plans to kill Smith at sunrise. When Thomas came to know about was he goes to the settlers and warns them. Another Captain whose name was Ratcliffe think that natives are hiding the gold, and they are trying to protect it from us, therefore, they declared the war. Ratcliffe and some of the settlers decided to go in natives place and get all the gold. Once again Pocahontas manages to save Smith from her father. At the same time, Ratcliffe shows up and he intended to shoot chief but the bullet hit Smith. Smith was not dead on the spot but it was not clear whether he would be able to live with the love of his life or not (Pocahontas, 1995). In actual history, after saving Smith, Pocahontas would regularly go to settlement and play with English boys. Colonist did not have enough food and they all were starving in the first winter. They cloud not even grow their food because it was so cold that growing own food was just not possible. Pocahontas regularly went to visit and taking the food along for some of her friends. She saved many lives in that first winter which known as, Starving Time (Pocahontas.org). When more ships arrived at Jamestown, Smith went to Powhatan to negotiate to sell him the land of Powhatan. Some Whiteman misbehaved and Natives thought they were dangerous. Smith tried to make a peace but he failed. He got badly injured in a explosion of gunpowder. Nobody knew if he would be able to live or not. There was rumors about Smith, which said he was dead, some said, he sailed away in one of the ship returning to Europe. Pocahontas knew that he was not there, and there was emptiness in her life. She was hoping that Smith would return( Pocahontas and Her World 60-61). In the movie, Disney has changed all the characteristics of Pocahontas and Smith, they made her look very cute, and Smith was handsome person, which was very different in actual history. In movie, audience can see a little affection between Pocahontas and Smith despite of having age difference, Smith was twice as her age. Pocahontas was about 13 years old and Smith was around 29 years (American Promise, 49). All Disney movies have this element in them. One more element that is common in all Disney movies is a man who can do anything for the love of his life, in this movie; man was Smith who could do anything for Pocahontas, love of his life. This movie had many elements, which were remarkable, for example, the animation, and the expression of the characters. Pocahontas was shown in movie talking with the mice and kissing the dogs. At one point where Powhatan is about to kill Smith, Pocahontas runs to save his life, and says, I love him, Father, and lays herself on Smith. But, we all know that is not the real story. She did not say that in real life, but she did saved Smiths life in order to avoid problems with the settlers. In the movie, we show Captain Ratcliffe as a villain, but in real life, Ratcliffe had nothing to do with Pocahontas. Finally, in conclusion, we can all say that this movie had the characterization right but they changed the story, which made the movie from fictional from the Historical characters. This movie mostly attracts the children who like animated movie and this movie has all the elements that children like to watch. However, this can have a big impact on their mind, because if they do not know what happened in actual history, than they may think that what they saw in the movie was true. Sometimes this kind of movies can be humiliating to the culture. After watching this movie, children may think that the colonial life was very easy and happy, even though we all know how the conditions were like during the colonial life. I personally think that Disney should make the movie, which is based on history with the real story, so children can also learn the truth about our history.

The Coquette Essay -- Literary Analysis, Hannah Webster Foster

The Coquette, written by Hannah Webster Foster in 1797, chronicles the life of an affluent woman in the 18th century. There are a few themes that are presented throughout the whole novel: correspondence, sexual freedom, and ideal womanhood. Elizabeth Whitman has been an icon of American history since the 19th century because of her bravery and contempt for the caged position of women in society. It is stated that the tombstone of Elizabeth Whitman is a popular tourist attraction; â€Å"her grave was a popular destination for New England travelers, who beat paths to the far corner of Danvers’s Old South Cemetery through the entire nineteenth century.† (Waterman) The Coquette was loosely based on the story of Elizabeth Whitman, born in 1752 and dead in 1788. Women were typically not objects of novels because women were not deemed important by society, therefore it is surprising when a novel about a woman becomes very popular among the general public. The Coquette was advertised as a dime novel in the late 17 and early 1800s but come the turn of the 21st century, it is one of the most popular novels about women’s liberation and sexual freedom. Since The Coquette is based on true events, there must be a primary or credible secondary source; in this case, the epistolary novel was compiled using themes from the original letters written by Elizabeth Whitman. There were only 15 letters that remain of the correspondence between Elizabeth Whitman and Joel Barlow that exist in the Baldwin Family Papers. (Waterman) In her novel The Romance of the Association, Caroline Wells Healy Dall had to personally contact the Baldwin family in order to review the original letters. This is why correspondence is so important in novels of this time period. ... ...est stick since she lost her life and her reputation, the two most important things to her. However I would argue that the punishments were the same, Sanford lost the two most important things to him as well, Eliza and his money. Depending on one’s view point, it may be better to die than to live without the love of your life. Works Cited Castiglione, Balclesar. "The Book of the Coutier ." Castiglione, Balclesar. The Third Book. London: Norton & Company, 1523. 147-187. Elizabeth Whitman Grave. Peabody, n.d. Photograph. Foster, Hanna Webster. The Coquette. Oxford University Press, 1797. ebook. Waterman, Bryan. "Coquetry and Correspondence in Revolutionary-Era: Reading Elizabeth Whitman’s Letters." Early American Literature (2011): 541-563. Wenska Jr., Walter P. "The Coquette AND THE AMERICAN DREAM OF FREEDOM." Early American Literature (1977): 243-256.

Investigatory Project in Biology

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILI (CAPSICUM ANNUM) EXTRACT An Investigatory Research Presented to Mrs. Presented by CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study . Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. Chili has been a part of the human diet in the Americas since at least 7500 BC. There is archaeological evidence at sites located in southwestern Ecuador that chili peppers were domesticated more than 6000 years ago and is one of the first cultivated crops in the Central and South Americas that is self-pollinating.The plant is a perennial, but usually grown as an annual, with a densely branched stem. The plant reaches 0. 5–1. 5 m (20–60 in). The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chili fruit, and numerous varieties are cultivated around the world. Despite being a single species, Capsicum annuum has many cultivars, with a variety of names. In American English it is commonly known as a chili pepper or bell pepper. Hot peppers are used in medicine as well as food in Africa.It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna and scarlatina maligna, used either as a gargle or administered internally. In this research, antimicrobial activity of chili will be studied. Certain bacteria and fungal species will be the focus of the experiment. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and fungi like Trichophyton rubrum Statement of the ProblemThe main problem of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of chili (Capsicum annum) extract. This study also intends to answer the following. 1. The effectiveness of the chili extract as an antimicrobial. 2. The response of the bacteria species to the chili extract. 3. The response of the fungal s pecies to the chili extract. Significance of the Study This study would add knowledge in the field of science. This would also be a help in further studies about plants as antimicrobial. Science students and science teachers can use this as a source for future research with regards to this study.The public would directly benefited by this study. Infections of bacteria and fungi to humans such as pimples, athlete’s foot, skin infection and diarrhea will be aided naturally. Since chili is cheap and highly available, people can easily get and make antimicrobial extract from chili. Moreover, this study may as well be use by future researchers as a resource material. Scope and Limitation of the Study This research would make use extract from chili as antimicrobial. Other natural extracts from other plants are excluded. Antimicrobial activity includes bacteria and fungal species.Bacteria species consist of Staphylococcus aureus while fungal species consist of Trichophyton rubrum. D ealing with microorganisms might be exposed for contamination. Aseptic technique should be observed. Over 2 plates of microorganisms will be prepared and a many laboratory works will be done. This might lessen the effectiveness of the research data and result due to human cause. That’s why human patience and strength should be employed to avoid incorrect result. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Capsicum Annuum as PlantCapsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. The three species C. annuum, C. frutescens and C. chinense all evolved from a single common ancestor located somewhere in the northwest Brazil – Columbia area. his species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capiscums. The name annuum means â€Å"annual† (from the Latin annus â€Å"year†, the plant is not an annual and in the absence of winter frosts can survive several s easons and grow into a large perennial shrub. The C. nnuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates. The single flowers are an off-white (sometimes purplish) color whilst the stem is densely branched and up to 60  centimetres (24 in) tall. When ripe, the fruit may be green, yellow or red. In American English the plant is commonly known as a chili pepper or bell pepper. Sweet peppers are very often used as a bulking agent in cheap ready made meals/take-away food as they are cheap, have a strong flavour, and are colorful. The colorful aspect of peppers increases the visual appeal of the food, making it more appetizing.Capsaicin, a chemical found in chili peppers, creates a burning sensation once ingested which can last for several hours after ingestion. In British English, the sweet varieties are called red or green peppers, and the hot varieties chillies whereas in Australian and Indian English the name capsicum is commonly used for bell peppers exclusively and chilli is o ften used to encompass the hotter varieties. Uses of Capsicum Annuum The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world.Hot peppers are used in medicine in Africa and other countries. It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna (acute diptheria) and scarlatina maligna (malignent Scarlet fever, used either as a gargle or administered internally. It is also considered efficacious for a wide variety of symptoms including sore throat nd fever. Microorganisms Microorganisms are very diverse; they include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (green algae); and animals such as plankton and the planarian. Some microbiologists also include viruses, but others consider these as non-living. M ost microorganisms are unicellular (single-celled), but this is not universal, since some multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere where there is liquid water, including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks within the Earth's crust. Microorganisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies indicate that airborne microbes may play a role in precipitation and weather.Microbes are also exploited by people in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering. However, pathogenic microbes are harmful, since they invade and grow within other organisms, causing disea ses that kill people, other animals and plants. Antimicrobials An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms[1] such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes (microbiocidal) or prevent the growth of microbes (microbiostatic).Disinfectants are antimicrobial substances used on non-living objects or outside the body. The history of antimicrobials begins with the observations of Pasteur and Joubert, who discovered that one type of bacteria could prevent the growth of another. They did not know at that time that the reason one bacterium failed to grow was that the other bacterium was producing an antibiotic. Technically, antibiotics are only those substances that are produced by one microorganism that kill, or prevent the growth, of another microorganism.Of course, in today's common usage, the term antibiotic is used to refer to almost any drug that attempts to rid your body of a bacterial infection. Antimicrobials include not just antibiotics, but synthetically formed compounds as well. Antimicrobial nanotechnology is a recent addition to the fight against disease causing organisms, replacing heavy metals and toxins and may some day be a viable alternative. Infections that are acquired during a hospital visit are called â€Å"hospital acquired infections† or nosocomial infections.Similarly, when the infectious disease is picked up in the non-hospital setting it is considered â€Å"community acquired†. Natural Antimicrobials Many these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity, and a large number of plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are distinct from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal.So, it is worthwhile to study plants and plant products for acti vity against resistant bacteria. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Materials Chili Forceps Mortal and Pestle Bacteria culture Blender Fungal culture Cheese clothSmall circular absorbant paper Beaker Research Design In this study, the antimicrobial activity of Capsicum annum will be measured quantitatively against bacterial and fungal species.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) will be qualitatively determined. Plant Collection and Sampling Method Chili (Capsicum annum) plant will be obtained from the local market of Zamboanga City. Mature chili will be use having a usable size of 1/4 inch in diameter. Chili will be purchased using simple random sampling. This will be applied to all chili vendors in the market. They will be washed in sterile water and will be crushed prior to extraction. Extraction Process Th e 40g crushed chili will be blended until is reaches a smooth texture. The chili soup will be strained by a cheese cloth and extract the juice.The chili extract will be then set aside for the experiment. Bacterial and Fungal Culture The Staphylococcus aureus and Trichophyton rubrum will be used in the experiment. These microorganisms will be obtained from Department of Science and Technology (DOST). Data Gathering Procedure The MIC will be evaluated on the chili extract showing an antimicrobial activity. From the chili extract, a small circular absorbent paper will be soaked and place on the surface of the cultured microorganism. After 2 days. Result will be observed. The zone of inhibition

Mama Might Be Better Off Dead Essay

â€Å"Mama Might Be Better off Dead: the Failure of Health Care in Urban America† by Laurie Kaye Abraham, follows a families struggles over the course of three years in a poor Chicago neighborhood. Abraham points out specifically how the health care system in the United States has failed the different members of the poverty stricken Banes family. The main character, Jackie has the responsibility of taking care of her sick and elderly grandmother. Jackie also cares for her three young children with little help from her husband, Robert who also suffers from various illnesses. While, there are some government programs set up to help families like the Banes’, the health care system is certainly lacking. Cora Jackson is an African American woman in her late sixties when the book begins. She suffers from many chronic conditions including high blood pressure and diabetes. Cora had a leg amputated because of complications from her diabetes. Diabetics often have poor circulation in their extremities which hinders wounds from healing properly. Besides being bed-ridden and wheel chair bound, Mrs. Jackson suffers from bed sores and incontinence. She also sufferers from severe depression over losing her leg which is common among many with physical disabilities. Despite, her poor health Cora Jackson remains the matriarch of the family. Mrs. Jackson raised Jackie as a young girl and before becoming ill, had a remarkable relationship with her great-granddaughter Latrice. As time goes on, Mrs. Jackson becomes more ill and Latrice begins to pull away from her great-grandmother. This seems understandable because it must be very difficult for children to understand and deal with the terminally ill. Jackie however, remains warm and caring toward her grandmother. She expresses her frustrations, but few of them are aimed at her grandmother. Most of them are aimed at the doctors and particular government agencies set up to treat and help her grandmother. Obtaining health care services is not an easy task for Cora Jackson. Jackie, the primary caregiver for Mrs. Jackson, experiences struggles on a day to day basis. For example, Mrs. Jackson suffers from incontinence which makes her a candidate for adult diapers. However, Medicare sees adult diapers as more of a convenience item and do not see them as medically necessary.  Medicare also covers a large portion of health visits and treatments but they fail to understand the transportation needs of disadvantaged patients. As a result, Mrs. Jackson is forced to miss many scheduled appointments. She misses out on many treatments that are recommended by her doctors. Consequently, Cora is forced to have her remaining leg removed because of an infection which could have been caught sooner. Jackie resorts to calling an ambulance to transport her grandmother to the hospital. This results in in some problems because the ambulance takes her to the closest hospital which is does not have all of he r medical records. I am puzzled by many of these rules and policies. First off, I do not understand how adult diapers are not deemed medically necessary. Diapers are seemed necessary for infants. Why aren’t they necessary for adults who suffer from incontinence? Also, adult diapers help prevent bed sores which many elderly, bed-ridden patients suffer from. This can prevent future hospitalizations and procedures caused by infection. I also have a problem with Medicaid’s spend down policy. Every month, Mrs. Jackson is required to spend a certain amount on medical needs in order to become eligible for Medicaid. By the time, she meets the requirement, she has to do it all over again. Also, there are some services that the Banes are not aware they are entitled to. For example, Medicare covers home health aides for those sick enough to require visits from a home nurse. Jackie turns down this service because she is mistaken and believes it will cost her 110 dollars a month. No one ever tells her this service is free. There are many changes in the health care delivery system that would have improved the experiences of Mrs. Jackson. First of all, keeping track of a monthly spend down of an elderly, disabled patient is ridiculous. In Mrs. Jackson’s case, she needed Medicaid to cover her transportation needs. Its close to impossible to schedule appointments and procedures if you are not sure how you are going to get there. Other patients use Medicaid for numerous reasons. A better option for Medicaid would be to take an average of a few months expenses and use that to determine eligibility for longer than a month at a time. It is common for patients to spend the same amount on medication each month. They also try to visit doctors on a regular basis. Knowing they are covered by Medicaid for longer than a month, would be a huge relief. The patients could keep their appointments without worrying about transportation costs. Also, medicine could be taken as directed instead of trying to make it last longer in fear of losing coverage the next month. Another area which needs addressing is in the area of medically necessary items. Who determines if adult diapers is necessary or a convenience? For an elderly person who does not want to walk to the wash room after going to the bathroom, I can see how diapers would be convenient. But what about the person with no legs and not adequate enough help to lift them out of bed? I would definitely say adult diapers is medically necessary for this person. As a social worker in health care, I would definitely try to be of assistance to Mrs. Jackson. First of all, I would encourage Jackie to take advantage of the services set up to help her and her family. Then I would make sure she was aware of all they were entitled to. It is very common for poor people not to understand government policies, particularly Medicare and Medicaid. I feel there should be more services to explain and help people understand certain policies. Regular visits from a home health aide could have helped both Jackie and Mrs. Jackson immensely. I would talk to her about the stress of taking care of three children, a sick husband and an elderly, disabled grandmother. Paying attention to Jackie’s needs, as she is the primary caregiver, may give her a more clear mind to make decisions for her grandmother. I would also discuss with Jackie all of her options. Jackie could have put her grandmother into a nursing home but neglected to do so until the very end of her illness. I would weigh out the advantages and disadvantages of Mrs. Jackson living in a home. Jackie was scared that by putting her grandmother into a home, she would feel unloved and neglected. I would explain to Jackie, that the care she would receive would be twenty-four hours a day. This would mean, no more missed doctors appointments, no more missed medication and all of her medical records would be in one place. I feel their would be an increase in her quality of life. Jackie states â€Å"Mama, might be better off Dead†. Why not try putting mama in a nursing home first? In conclusion, â€Å"Mama Might Be Better off Dead: the Failure of Health Care in Urban America† really shows many areas of human suffering. In a country based on freedom and equality for all, the area of health care could not be further from equal in America. Every day we see talks of health care reform in the news. Political candidates form plans in their campaigns. However, this book puts a real face on the failure of health care in America. I hope more people become aware of how badly change is needed and they choose to become actively involved in the reform of the system.

5 Re- Words That Arent Repeats

5 Re- Words That Arent Repeats 5 â€Å"Re-† Words That Aren’t Repeats 5 â€Å"Re-† Words That Aren’t Repeats By Mark Nichol The prefix for denoting repetition is re-, but its presence in a word doesn’t necessarily indicate a repeat of an action. Here, as examples, are five words starting with re- that differ in sense from their root words. 1. Rebate: To bate is to deduct or restrain, but the word, used rarely, usually is employed for the latter meaning, often in the jocular phrase â€Å"await with bated breath,† to indicate feigned excitement. Bate is a truncation of abate, which refers to deducting, depriving, moderating, or putting an end to something. To rebate, however, is to return part of a payment as an incentive. Bate is from the Anglo-French word abatre, meaning â€Å"to strike down†; rebate is from rebatre, which derives from abatre but means â€Å"to deduct.† 2. Recapitulate: To capitulate is to acquiesce or surrender, but to recapitulate is to summarize. Capitulate is from the Latin word capitulum, which originally meant â€Å"to distinguish by heads or chapters† in reference to parts of a book (the Latin word for head, caput, is also the basis of chapter); by extension, it came to mean â€Å"to arrange conditions,† as part of a surrender. To recapitulate literally means â€Å"to restate by heads† to repeat the main points. 3. Redress: To dress is to arrange or prepare, usually in the sense of putting clothes on or providing clothes to, though the word also refers to decorating or embellishing, or applying something. To redress, however, means to compensate or remedy, or, rarely, to avenge. Dress is from the Anglo-French term drescer, meaning â€Å"to direct† (it stems from the Latin word directus); redress is from redresser, which means â€Å"to set straight,† as in the sense of rearranging to make right. 4. Resound: To sound is to make a noise, or, when part of a comparative phrase (â€Å"sounds like,† â€Å"sounds as . . . as†), to resemble. To resound means â€Å"to reverberate† or â€Å"to repeat a noise,† though the word most commonly refers to a loud noise or is used as an intensifier to evoke the idea of someone receiving loud accolades (â€Å"a resounding success†). The Latin roots are sonare, meaning â€Å"to sound,† the acronym sonar, from â€Å"sound navigation ranging,† was formed with this precursor in mind and resonare (also the ancestor of resonate), meaning â€Å"to sound again.† 5. Reward: To ward is to deflect or guard (use rarely in verb form, usually in the phrase â€Å"ward off† to describe defending oneself from a blow). To reward is to pay for or to give in acknowledgment. Ward derives from the Old English term weard and the Anglo-French words warde and garde, all stemming from a proto-Germanic ancestor meaning â€Å"guard.† Reward stems from the Anglo-French terms regarder and rewarder, meaning â€Å"to care for, recompense.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SEmail Etiquette7 Proofreading Steps

Saving the Environment and the Bottom Line Term Paper

Saving the Environment and the Bottom Line - Term Paper Example The labor usage in replacement should be sourced internally to prevent further expenditure Assuming the cost of the showerhead is 50 dollars total saving per showerhead will be the number of guestrooms and the product of the rte of occupants, i.e. 375* 67/100 this will give an approximate figure of 251 rooms. The participant indicates a rate of 1.4 persons per room. The occupant will amount to 251*1.4 which is approximately 352 persons. Assuming each person spends 15 minutes in the shower daily thus his daily gallons will be 1.8*15 minutes which sums at 27 gallons per person daily to give an overall usage of 9504 gallons (351*27). The previous usage stood at 17901 gallons (3.4*15*351). The overall savings will stand at 8397 gallons (17901-9504). The cost will amount to $48.03(5.72*8397/1000) cost savings on showers. The yearly savings will amount to $17520 (48.03*365 days). The savings on toilet gallons will 218416 (1.7*352*365), the cost in savings $1250. The total savings as a result of the proposed measures will be $ 18770(17520 + 1250) annual savings due to reduced wa stage. Xavier hotel needs to redesign its main switch and electric control unit. The lighting bulb needs to be replaced by LED bulbs that consume less energy than the current florescent. Each room needs to be checked after a visitor checks out. The efforts will ensure that bulbs and electric appliances in the empty rooms are disconnected and electricity switched off. The efforts will reduce the electric consumption by more than 10 percent. The heating systems needs to be adjusted and solar powered heaters introduced. Thermostat in each room needs to be checked and its temperature reduced by 50C in every single room at the hotel. Each appliance needs to be checked and worn out equipment in each room repaired and replaced (Todd& Rebecca, 2002). Worn out electric appliances consume more energy as compared to those new ones. In matters heating automated switches should

Computer Sciences and Information Technology. User Experience Essay

Computer Sciences and Information Technology. User Experience - Essay Example In this regards, the paper contains description and purpose of website development, the intended audience of the website along with weaknesses and strengths of the website in respect of their usage by diverse users. Some users may not agree that this website is easy to use and users have difficult experiences with its interface, this study looks at every element of interaction and usability factors (Cornell University Library, 2012). In order to get information regarding their experiences of using the website, the users are given a website usability form to be filled so that the website of the Phone4u can be evaluated. The paper presents the recommendations to the company for improving several aspects of the website to reach the targeted audience, trust development on the visitors and customers, moreover, guidance to increase the web traffic (Dumas, 2008, p37). The usability test is one of the essential steps in the evaluation of the user’s likeness and dislike-ness while usin g the Phone4u’s website. This will require acquisition of user opinions and to present analysis of the information to guide the decision on the areas of improvement. Since most of the features are observable qualitative attributes, this study will have to convert them into quantitative variables for ease of data analysis. 1.2. Background In the evaluation of the website, the focus is how to improve the usability by adding features that are more relevant and functional keeping in view the targeted audience of the website. This can be done by evaluating the website and improving the weaknesses indicating by the analysis. The amendments to the website of the Phone4u should be made as per the recommendations of the users (Valacich, Joey & Hoffer, 2009, p67). At the same time, it is important to consider the fact that some users do not welcome changes so easily and may prefer to remain in the previous version of the website rather than the new one with improved features (Kendall & Kendall 2011, p58). The evaluation will lead to the decision making for the new version of the website based on the information from user response. The statistics will be gathered as comments from various participants. The participants’ views reflect the present trend and the actual real world events that are of interest to this website. The study uses the structure of information flow as shown in the figure below, with the system the user and the feedback mechanism. Figure 1: Information Flow between System, Users and Feedback mechanism 1.3. Study Problem/Question This study seeks to answer one (1) major question having various sub parts. The first question is â€Å"Whether the website of the Phones4u is easy to use for the targeted audience of the website?† In order to have the answer of the first question of this study, the users have to answer the various questions as described by the Jokab Neilsen. The sub questions (parts) include: â€Å"the visibility of the s ystem, Match between system and the real world, User control and freedom, Consistency and standards, Error prevention, Recognition rather than recall, Flexibility and efficiency of use, Aesthetic and minimalist design, Help users recognize, Help and documentation, diagnose and recover from errors. Basically, these are the guidelines provided by the Jakob Neilson for evaluating the usability of the website† (Selvaraj, 2011). All these questions will be answered by the selected participants. 2. Aims The aim of this study is to explore the usability issues in the

Installation of Video Surveillance Systems in Public Areas Essay

Installation of Video Surveillance Systems in Public Areas - Essay Example Video Surveillance in Public Places: The technique of video surveillance involves the use of a number of video cameras that are connected through closed circuit television (CCTV), where the videos get recorded and can be viewed later on. A central system monitors the entire process and keeps all records of the videos. However since recordings are conducted on public places, the rights of individuals are also considered. It can be realized in this context that an individual moving or performing any activity in a public area would not expect privacy since it is an open place and the activity can be viewed by any other individual present in the area, even if video recording does not take place. The surveillance measure is thus not meant to impact the privacy of individuals (Opinion on Video Surveillance in Public Places by Public Authorities and the Protection of Human Rights, 5-6). Video Surveillance: Views in Support: The present study reflects the views in support of the system of vi deo surveillance in public areas. In this regard the most important issue that can be discussed is the ability of the system to prevent crimes or get hold of criminals once a criminal act occurs. With the presence of CCTV cameras at different locations within a city, it can be understood that every individual would be aware of the surveillance that can be expected to create certain level of fear in the minds of any criminal of getting caught (Ratcliffe, 8). Thus this fear might stop the person or the group of persons from performing any negative act. If this can be realized, the importance of such video surveillance can be well understood can supported by the citizens of every country and individual states. In the present times, where the rates of terrorist attacks and criminal activities have largely increased, several countries have issued laws in their states allowing the roles of video surveillance. Few of such countries include the Great Britain, Spain, France and others. In th ese countries, not only the video cameras are used for recording the activities in public areas but utmost use of the video surveillance is made in these countries intended towards prevention of crimes and getting hold of criminals (Bernan, 119). The increasing use of the video surveillance measure in different countries and support from the respective governments and legal systems tend to signify the need and importance of the system in the prevention of crimes. The video surveillance system not only contributes in the reduction of criminal activities, but at the same time it has certain other benefits as well. The presence of such systems can be expected to lessen the fear of crimes in the minds of the citizens, assist with proven information the police and other investigation departments in case of any crime, reflect any emergency need that viewed through the central monitor can lead to immediate actions, for example any medical emergency on road, and help in a complete managemen t of gathered information (Ratcliffe, 11). The central monitoring system viewing and controlling the recordings of the different associated cameras are in constant watch of all the activities covered by the cameras. Thus in case of any criminal act, or any emergency, as recorded through the

How can you apply this guidance to your own reports Essay Example for Free

How can you apply this guidance to your own reports Essay Lets face it that in reality, no matter what type of presentation you were about to present weve all sat through some pretty bad presentations. When delivering a report, you have to establish the audiences attention and buy-in within the first 30 seconds because if you dont have their attention from the beginning and be able to maintain interest throughout the presentation, your message is lost. So it is very important to somehow follow the following tips on how to get the attention of your audiences: be sure you are sensitive enough to the needs of your audiences, build strong relationships with them, be able to control your style and tone, maintain a strong sense of etiquette, emphasize the positive and use a bias-free language. For considering your audiences, it is fulfilling if you were about to satisfy their needs and be able to marked a good learning. Considering the things we need to know about (hypothetical) reader to craft a successful proposal, first and foremost we need to identify who our target market is. Giving us the idea to what aspect of information should the writer focuses his / her proposal. After this, the writer must be able to give attention on the interests of the readers. Giving the readers an idea on how to actively conduct or participate on putting the information into actions. Aside from credible information, it must be noted that readers be able to identify what obesity is and that what are its causes, how to prevent or be able to â€Å"cure† it. Having all the great information, the hook factor should also be present in doing a proposal. Do the readers agree or disagree with what has been said and that whether the reader’s interests were properly addressed by the writer.

Effects of Exercise on Muscular System

Effects of Exercise on Muscular System Smooth muscle tissue, such as skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, can undergo hypertrophy the increase in the volume of tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. Smooth muscle fibres are usually involuntary i.e. not under conscious control, and they are nonstriated meaning smooth. In addition, certain smooth muscle fibres retain a capacity for division and can grow by a process known as hyperplasia, like those in the uterus of women. Cardiac Cardiac muscle tissue forms the bulk of the wall of the heart. Like skeletal muscle tissue, it is striated (the muscle fibers contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers). Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, its contraction is usually not under conscious control (involuntary). Skeletal Skeletal muscle tissue is named for its location attached to bones. It is striated; that is, the fibers (cells) contain alternating light and dark bands (striations) that are perpendicular to the long axes of the fibers. Skeletal muscle tissue can be made to contract or relax by conscious control (voluntary). All skeletal muscle fibres are not alike in structure or function. For example, skeletal muscle fibres vary in colour depending on their content of myoglobin (myoglobin stores oxygen until needed by the mitochondria). Skeletal muscle fibres contract with different velocities, depending on their ability to split Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). Faster contracting fibres have greater ability to split ATP. In addition, skeletal muscle fibres vary with respect to the metabolic processes they use to generate ATP. They also differ in terms of the onset of fatigue. Based on various structural and functional characteristics, skeletal muscle fibres are classified into three types: Type I fibres, Type II B fibres and type II A fibres The different types of muscle fibres types of sports each is associated with Type I Fibres These fibres, also called slow twitch or slow oxidative fibres, contain large amounts of myoglobin, many mitochondria and many blood capillaries. Type I fibres are red, split ATP at a slow rate, have a slow contraction velocity, very resistant to fatigue and have a high capacity to generate ATP by oxidative metabolic processes. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the postural muscles of the neck. A sporting example of this could be a prop forward involved in a scrum in rugby. Type II A Fibres These fibres, also called fast twitch or fast oxidative fibres, contain very large amounts of myoglobin, very many mitochondria and very many blood capillaries. Type II A fibres are red, have a very high capacity for generating ATP by oxidative metabolic processes, split ATP at a very rapid rate, have a fast contraction velocity and are resistant to fatigue. Such fibres are infrequently found in humans. A sporting example of this is a sprinter such as Usain Bolt or a hurdler such as Colin Jackson. Type II B Fibres These fibres, also called fast twitch or fast glycolytic fibres, contain a low content of myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria, relatively few blood capillaries and large amounts glycogen. Type II B fibres are white, geared to generate ATP by anaerobic metabolic processes, not able to supply skeletal muscle fibres continuously with sufficient ATP, fatigue easily, split ATP at a fast rate and have a fast contraction velocity. Such fibres are found in large numbers in the muscles of the arms. A sporting example could be an Olympic weightlifter. How muscles produce movement in antagonistic pairs and the role of fixators and synergists There are up to four functional groups of muscles acting on joints. 1. Agonist: actively contract to make a movement. Muscle length reduces. 2. Antagonist: resists the muscle on opposite side, thereby controls the speed of the agonist muscle contraction. Thats why they say both agonist and antagonist muscles are working in pairs. Furthermore when the movement is reversed the original agonist becomes the antagonist and the original antagonist becomes the agonist. 3. Stabilisers: some muscles will hold the joint area stable while other three types of muscles are making a movement. 4. Modifiers: some muscles can slightly change the direction of force exerted by agonists dynamically Different types of muscle contractions Muscle Contractions can be divided into: Isotonic All lifting exercises require isotonic contractions. This happens when the muscle shortens as it contracts. An example of isotonic contraction can be seen when we flex the bicep muscle. Stand with one arm straight and the palm of the hand facing up. Roughly measure the length from the start of the biceps muscle to the point where it meets the shoulder. Now curl the hand towards the shoulder, the biceps muscle shortens as it contracts. When you reach the end point take another rough measurement of the biceps again, it will be much shorter. Another example is the triceps muscle (opposite of biceps). Do the same experiments again this time measure the triceps and start at the curled position. The triceps shortens as the arm straightens. Other examples are lifting objects above the head front shoulder (anterior deltoid) shortens lifting object up from lying position chest muscle shortens lifting body up from squat position quadriceps muscle shortens as legs extend doing a sit up throwing a ball swinging a bat Eccentric Eccentric contraction is the opposite of isotonic; the muscle lengthens as it gains tension. These are much less common and not as beneficial as the common Isotonic. An example is when someone manages to pull your arm straight while at the same time you are try to keep the arm locked in one position. In other words, the load is too great! Other examples are running downhill walking downstairs landing on the ground from a jump Isometric An Isometric contraction occurs when there is tension on a muscle but no movement is made causing the length of the muscle to remain the same. This type of contraction is also referred to as a static contraction. Some bodybuilders make up their own exercises using Isometric contraction in order to develop strength; an example is when someone attempts to curl one arm upwards but is held by using equal resistance from the other arm. attempting to lift an immoveable object holding a weight at arms length some wrestling movements Isokinetic Similar to the isotonic contraction, the Isokinetic contraction causes the muscle to shorten as it gains tension. The difference is Isokinetic requires a constant speed over the entire range of motion, therefore this type of contraction require special equipment to exercise properly. An example is an arm stroke when swimming, the even resistance from the water offers a constant speed at maximal contractions. Sliding Filament Theory The sliding filament theory is the basic summary of the process of skeletal muscle contraction. Myosin moves along the filament by repeating a binding and releasing sequence that causes the thick filament to move over the thinner filament. This progresses in sequential stages. By progressing through this sequence the filaments slide and the skeletal muscles contract and release. First Stage: The first stage is when the impulse gets to the unit. The impulse travels along the axon and enters the muscle through the neuromuscular junction. This causes full two to regulate and calcium channels in the axon membrane to then open. Calcium ions come from extra cellular fluid and move into the axon terminal causing synaptic vessels to fuse with pre synaptic membranes. This causes the release of acetylcholine (a substance that works as a transmitter) within the synaptic cleft. As acetylcholine is released it defuses across the gap and attaches itself to the receptors along the sarcolemma and spreads along and across the muscle fibre. Second Stage: The second stage is for the impulse spreads along the sarcolemma. The action potential spreads quickly along the sarcolemma once it has been generated. This action continues to move deep inside the muscle fibre down to the T tubules and the action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Third Stage: During the third stage calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and actin sites are activated. Calcium ions once released begin binding to Troponin. Tropomyosin blocking the binding of actin is what causes the chain of events that lead to muscle contraction. As calcium ions bind to the Troponin it changes shape which removes the blocking action of Tropomyosin (thin strands of protein that are wrapped around the actin filaments). Actin active sites are then exposed and allow myosin heads to attach to the site. Fourth Stage: The fourth stage then begins in which myosin heads attach to actin and form cross bridges, ATP is also broken down during this stage. Myosin binds at this point to the exposed binding sites and through the sliding filament mechanism the muscles contract. Fifth Stage: During the fifth stage the myosin head pulls the Actin filament and ADP and inorganic Phosphates are released. ATP binding allows the myosin to detach and ATP hydrolysis occurs during this time. This recharges the myosin head and then the series starts over again. Stage Six: Cross bridges detach while new ATP molecules are attaching to the myosin head while the myosin head is in the low-energy configuration. Cross bridge detachment occurs while new ATP attaches itself to the myosin head. New ATP attaches itself to the myosin head during this process. Stage Seven: During stage seven the ATP is broken down and used as energy for the other areas including new cross bridge formation. Then the final stage (stage 8) begins and a drop in stimulus causes the calcium concentrate and this decreases the muscle relaxation. Below is an example of how sliding filament theory works How the muscular system responds to exercise How muscles work Muscles fall in to two types: Voluntary and involuntary. Brain stimulation through a signal to voluntary muscles makes them work to do a task like pulling. There is no brain stimulation for involuntary muscles. When people exercise their voluntary muscles, they more efficiently they function. When functioning efficiently, it is easier for people to do their work. Muscles will function with greater efficiency and ease when they have regular exercise. This is known as the first lesson of exercise Muscular exercise and the affects of exercise on the muscles Inside the muscles nerves relay messages to and from the brain. Food is bought to the muscles by blood vessels which do the work that the brain has ordered. When muscles are exercised, they convert a substance known as glucose into energy. During exercise, heat is produced and carbon dioxide is given off as a waste product. Short term effects: When we begin to exercise the body has to respond to the change in activity level in order to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis). Here are the changes which must take place to the muscles so that the exercise can be performed: The higher rate of muscle contraction depletes energy stores and so stimulates a higher rate of energy metabolism. The bodys energy stores are slowly depleted Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. O2 can now be diffused into the muscle from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased O2 concentration in the muscle. Long term effects: Increased numbers of mitochondria (the cells powerhouse) means an increase in the rate of energy production. The muscles, bones and ligaments become stronger to cope with the additional stresses and impact put through them. with the additional stresses and impact put through them. The amount of myoglobin within skeletal muscle increases, which allows more Oxygen to be stored within the muscle, and transported to the mitochondria. Muscles are capable of storing a larger amount of glycogen for energy. Enzymes involved in energy production become more concentrated and efficient to aid the speed of metabolism. Benefits of exercise Muscles are working hard during exercise, which is good for them. The harder they are worked over time, the more they can do. Muscles must have the proper intake of food (in the shape of protein, complex carbohydrates and fats) along with sufficient water to achieve the maximum amount of work possible. Contraction of a muscle makes it a more efficient tool. Contraction with resistance aids the muscle growth and increases its capacity for future demands. Multiple contractions through exercise brings about the greatest efficiencies.